Self-Defense and Subjectivity

Self defense by plants.

Plants have evolved elegant and complex chemical systems to defend themselves against the pathogens and herbivores that attempt to consume them. The current exponential growth in interest and experimentation in this area provided the motivation to hold this colloquium. Some plant chemical defenses are constitutive, providing built-in physical or biological barriers against the invading organism...

Strategies of Self Defense

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The Self-Defensive Cognition of Self-Defense

Torture Warrants, Necessity, and Self-Defense

This article explores a debate over the legal mechanisms by which interrogational torture could be sanctioned. Four separate proposals are considered, including: civil disobedience; torture warrants; self-defense; and necessity. Civil disobedience does not allow for legalized torture, but may allow for reduced punishments. Torture warrants contrast with self-defense and necessity in terms of of...

Self-recognition affects plant communication and defense.

Animals have the ability to distinguish self from non-self, which has allowed them to evolve immune systems and, in some instances, to act preferentially towards individuals that are genetically identical or related. Self-recognition is less well known for plants, although recent work indicates that physically connected roots recognize self and reduce competitive interactions. Sagebrush uses vo...